Electro-optical devices



350-389 5R 7 v a; SEARCH ROOM Nov. 5, 1957 c. 0. WEST 2,811,398

' ELECTRO-OPTICAL DEVICES 7 Original Filed Aug. 14, 1952 2 Sheets-sheet 1 Indel. Sphere of Undeformed Cryflal", A

Index Elllpeoid df Defornued Crys'l'dl ,8 Axis, Direcfion of Field E and [DUI] Direcfion Radius of Index Sphere- FIG. I

7 Axis and [ITO] Direcflon Index Elllpsoid of Deformed Crydcl fl Axis and [H0] Direcfion Opflc Axis A Dlrecfion of Rodin; of Index Sphere Field E and [H0] Direcflon Y Axis v v 45 Opiic Axis A and [OOI] Direci'ion FIG. 2

Index Sphere of Undefo rmed Crysfdlfi 7 Index Ellipsold of Deformed Crydul (0AM: Perpendiculdr +0 [Ill] Direcflon FIG. 3

mvcmoa I ATTORNEYS c. D. WEST 2,811,898

ELECTRO-OPTICAL DEVICES Nov. 5, 1957 Original Filed Aug. 14, 1952 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 Elecl'rodc l6 Pola rinr ll '9 Polcriur l2 Score. of I j l4 Class T Crysl'ul (Cuproui Halide) Clan T Cryslal Elecl'rodc Pol (Cuprous Halide) q I Radiafion Source 44 35 Rccclvcr INVENTOR MMW/ ATTORNEYS ELECTRO-OPTICAL DEVICES Cutler D. West, Cambridge, Mass., assignor to Polaroid Corporation, Cambridge, Mass., a corporation of Delaware Original application August '14, 1952, Serial No. 304,408,

now Patent No. 2,788,710, dated April 16, 1957. Di-

vided and this application August 29, 1956, Serial No. 606,878

4 Claims. (Cl. 88-61) The invention relates to electro-optical devices and more particularly to devices of this character which op erate to introduce a phase difference between linear.components of polarized light passing through a transparent crystal by the application of an electric potential difference across the crystal.

This application is a division of my copending application Serial No. 304,408, filed August 14, 1952, now Patent 2,788,710, issued April 16, 1957, for Electro- Optical Devices.

Objects of the invention are to provide a light valve which employs a cubic crystal of the class Ta, especially cuprous halide crystals, i. e., cuprous chloride, cuprous bromide, cuprous iodide and cuprous fluoride, and particularly to employ sections of Td crystals which are cut in a preferred manner or geometry and are arranged in the device to obtain optimum results.

Other objects of the invention reside in the provision of electro-optical devices making use of one or more Td crystals and two or more light-polarizing filters which are optically aligned with each other, together with means for applying a predetermined potential of predetermined polarity across each crystal employed in the device.

Other objects of the invention will in part be obvious and will in part appear hereinafter. I

The invention accordingly comprises the product possessing the features, properties and the relation of components which are exemplified in the following detailed disclosure, and the scope of the application of which will be indicated in the claims.

For a fuller understanding of the nature and objects of the invention, reference should be had to the following detailed description taken in connection with. the accompanying drawings wherein:

Figure 1 is a schematic projection for the index sphere and the index ellipsoid in a crystal section having a preferred longitudinal electro-optical efifect;

Fig. 2 is a schematic projection similar to Fig. 1 but for the index sphere and index'ellipsoid for a crystal section having a preferred transverse electro-optical efiect;

Fig. 3 is a schematic projection similar to Fig. l but for the index sphere and index ellipsoid for a crystal section having another transverse electro-optical efiect;

Fig. 4 is a diagrammatic, perspective view of a simplified embodiment of an electro-optical device of this invention utilizing a pair of spaced-apart light-polarizing filters with a cuprous halide crystal therebetween; and

Fig. 5 is a schematic cross section of a modified embodiment of a light valve using a plurality of cuprous I halide crystals and light-polarizing filters arranged in a the Electrostatic Field on the Optical Properties of Piezoelectric Crystals, Gottingen, 1894. Pockels monograph set up and proved his theories in regard to the 2,811,898 Patented Nov. 5, 1957 2 electro-optical effects in the classes of crystals which it covered, and his explanation thereof has gained such acceptance that, in recent years, these effects have become known as Pockels eifects.

For the construction of substantially inertia free electro-optical shutters, modulators and the like, it be- 7 came evident in the 1930's that the Pockels effect in single transparent crystals of the twenty piezoelectric classes would be preferable over the more familiar Kerr effect in transparent polar liquids. A conventional embodiment of an electro-optical device utilizing the Pockels effect comprises a light source and, in optical alignment therewith, a polarizing filter, a crystal of a character capable of introducing a phase difierence between linear components of polarized light upon theapplication of a field tothe crystal, a second polarizing filter, usually crossed with respect to the first filter and on the side of the crystal farthest from the first filter, and a radiation detector such as a photosensitive cell or the like. The operating efliciency of electro-optical devices heretofore employed has been limited by reason of the nature or properties of the crystals used in such devices aswell as in the failure of the art .to utilize crystal sections of preferred geometry which permit the attainment of optimum results.

Ideally, crystals employed for this purpose should have the following characterization:

(1) High transparency over a' spectral range.

(2) Complete optical isotropy in the absence of the electric field.

(3) A large electro-optic constant, that is a useful optical effect produced by a small field. will be found only in crystals which are good insulators,

i. e., which support the field.

have to be covered anyway on two or four surfaces by the electrodes and by the light polarizers.

Class Ta isotropic cubic crystals, where Td is the Schtinflies notation for the symmetry class of these crystals, will in general meet this characterization and are as a whole useful for the purposes of this invention. Crystals of this nature, in accordance with the International notation for the symmetry class thereof, are also known as 432 crystals. Additionally, certain crystals of this classification, for example the cuprous halides, and particularly cuprous chloride, are preferred since they more nearly approach the ideal characterization previously noted. Because of this and also because they are novel in the field of electro-optical devices, the invention will be specifically explained and illustrated in connection with the cuprous halide crystals, namely cuprous chloride, cuprous bromide, cuprous iodide and cuprous fluoride.

While this invention is in general concerned with electro-optical devices which employ Ta crystals, an important concept resides in my discovery that the efficiency of these crystals in creating birefringence may be considerably enhanced and increased by the use of crystal sec- There are three special geometries of preferred interest for electro-optical applications, one of which is longitudinal and two of which are transverse. By these geom etries, a crystal section may have parallel cube surfaces or parallel dodecahedron surfaces or parallel octahedron surfaces. Geometries of this nature permit a crystal sec- In general, this tively small.

3 tion to be arranged in the electro-optical device so that the direction of the applied electric field and the direction of the light transmitted through the crystal are parallel to each other as in the longitudinal case mentioned or so that these directions are at right angles to each other as in the transverse cases previously mentioned.

With regard to class Ta crystals, birefringence ('y'--a.') induced by the field E is directly proportional to the latter and its sign reverses with-the field 'y'a'=1r E, where E is the value of the applied field and 1r. is the electrooptic constant for the particular crystal section under consideration. This condition for class Td crystals holds true for any geometry of the crystal section employed, i. e., whether the crystal is cut at random or in accordance with any of the special geometries to be hereinafter described.

In a preferred longitudinal case, a class Tu crystal is cut to have two parallel cube faces, i. e., the (001) surfaces as denoted by the Miller indices or system for identifying crystallographic planes and surfaces. Such a in the .use of crystals having a narrow angular field of crystal section is employed by applying the field to these faces and by directing light onto the crystal in a direction parallel to the field. With reference to the schematic projection of Fig. 1 showing the electro-optic effects projected onto the cube plane of the crystal, it may be 'noted that application of the field E in the direction indicated in the drawing takes the index sphere of radius n and shown in dotted lines into a special triaxial ellipsoid shown in full lines. The '7 and a axes of the ellipsoid are the slow and fast axes of the crystal section. The dotted circle is the projection of the index sphere and shows that, in the field-free condition, the crystal is isotropic while the ellipse shows the crystal under an electric field. Numerals applied to Figs. 1, 2 and 3 are Miller indices and the letter A is employed to show the biaxial optic axes in Figs. 1 and 2. V

Application of a field to a crystal section cut to have two parallel cube surfaces takes the index sphere of Fig.

into a triaxial ellipsoid of a nature such that 'yB=,6-u, B=n and the angle between the biaxial optic axes A is 90. By this crystal geometry and as shown in Fig. 1, the 'y and a axes lie parallel to the 110, 110 face diagonals in accordance with the notation of the Miller indices, and the ,8 axis lies parallel to the field and to the direction of propagation of the light. This longitudinal geometry will be preferred when the shutter is desired to act over an aperture of wide linear dimensions on an uncollimated beam of light. The transverse geometries, immediately to be described, are in general most practical over an aperture one of whose linear dimensions is rela- In a preferred transverse case, illustrated in Fig. 2 by a schematic projection of the nature forming the subject of Fig. 1, a class Ta crystal is cut to have a first pair of parallel dodecahedron surfaces and a second pair of parallel dodecahedron surfaces which intercept the first pair at right angles. The electric field is applied to opposite dodecahedron surfaces of one of these pairs, and light is directed onto the crystal in a direction normal to the second pair of dodecahedron surfaces. In this preferred transverse geometry, the crystal (with reference to the Miller indices) is cut into a 001/ 110/ 1T0 rectangular view. This fact has limited the practical application of such devices. For example, crystals of the tetragonal class Va such as ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, commonly called ADP, generally suffer from this defect and give under an electric field a triaxial ellipsoid which is far from the desired optimum. In contrast, crystals of the class Ta possess, of all crystal classes, the largest possible useful angular aperture or angular field of view. Moreover, further advantage may be taken of this property of Ta crystals by utilizing crystal sections possessing either of the geometries of the preferred longitudinal an transverse cases previously discussed.

In a second transverse case, illustrated in Fig. 3 by a schematic projection of the nature heretofore described, a class Td crystal is cut to provide a section having a first pair of parallel octahedron surfaces and a second pair of parallel surfaces which intercept the octahedron surfaces at right angles. The field is applied to the first-mentioned or octahedron pair of surfaces and light is directed onto the crystal in a direction normal to the second'pair of surfaces.

With reference to Fig. 3, the field is applied to opposite 111 surfaces and takes the index sphere into a uniaxial ellipsoid whose optic axis is parallel to the field. Since this geometryresults in a uniaxial ellipsoid as distinguished from the triaxial ellipsoid of Figs. 1 and 2, the characters (a and e have been used in Fig. 3 to respectively indicate the fast and slow axes of the crystal so as to clearly difierentiate this case from those previouslydescribed. The light can travel in any direction normal to the field- The 'efiiciency of the field in this second transverse case in creating birefringence is slightly less than two cases, namely by the factor for the first This uniaxial ellipsoid is also slightly inferior tothe tri'-' axial ellipsoid of the first two cases described above so far as uncollimated light beams are concerned.

Of all known class Ta crystals, the cuprous halides in- 1 eluding mixed crystals, i. e., homogeneous solid solutions of cuprous halide, are preferred for electro-optic elements based on the Pockels effect because they give halfwave retardation with low voltage, transmit radiation over a wide wavelength range, and can be produced in the desired sizes. Moreover, their electrical characteristics are suitable for the purpose in question. These properties become apparent from a consideration of cuprous" chloride.

For example the longitudinal halfwave voltage constant for cuprous chloride as found by measurement is about 6.2 kv. This value becomes impressive when compared with the constant for cubic zinc sulfide of 12.40 kv. as calculated from Schramm (see Ann. Physik 25 (1935), 309- 336), it being specially noted that zinc sulfide is a class Ts crystal. By further comparison, the corresponding constant for tetragonal ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP), which as noted is a Va crystal, is given in the literature as 9.80

A section 2.06 mm. thick of cuprous chloride as grown from the melt has been found to be transparent over a wavelength range of from 0.40 micron through 15.() microns and beyond. Thussuch crystals are capable of transmitting infrared radiation as well as visible light and are available for infrared applications.

Ingots of cuprous chloride comprising pure, relatively large crystals may be grown in sealed glass vessels from themelt using the Bridgman method. Approximately 1 cm. cube blocks havebeen cut from such crystals. Ingots of cuprous halide may be treated, as by etching in hydrochloric acid or by auto-epitaxy, to develop facets corresponding to one of the tetrahedrons 111. One of these tetrahedral surfaces, called the A surface is in a highly specular state while the opposite surface, called the B surface, is a matte surface. This property can be utilized to map the grain boundaries and establish the axes in each grain of the ingot and so permits accurate cutting thereof into blocks or sections possessing one of the three special geometries heretofore described.

In Fig. 4, a diagrammatic and simplified embodiment of an electro-optical device is disclosed as comprising a source of radiation 10, such as a light source capable of giving off visible light and/or infrared radiation, two spacedapart linear polarizers 11 and 12, a crystal 14 of the class Ta, such as a cuprous halide crystal, located between polarizers 11 and 12 and provided with suitable conductors 15 and 16 on appropriate faces thereof to permit the application of an electric potential diiference thereto, and a radiation receiver 17,. such as a photosensitive cell, a photographic film, the human eye or the like, for receiving radiation transmitted by the crystal 14. Leads 18 and 19 connected to a suitable source of potential difference (not shown) are also provided.

Fig. 4 illustrates an electro-optical source employing a crystal section having the geometry of the preferred longitudinal biaxial case so that the field and the incident radiation are applied to the crystal in the same direction. Consequently, the conductors 15 and 16 must be transparent, such as electrical conducting glass, for example Nesa glass, or they may comprise a metal coating or a metal sheet having transparent windows formed therein.

The potential applied to the crystal may be derived from a D. C. source, and means (not shown) may be provided for varying the potential. Also, as will be understood by the art, it is possible to derive the potential from an A. C. source, in which event the crystal may be mounted in suitable damping material whereby to damp out piezoelectric resonance.

The polarizers 11 and 12 may be any conventional polarizers, for example sheet polarizers, of a character such as disclosed in U. S. Patents No. 2,173,304 to E. H. Land and H. G. Rogers, No. 2,237,567 to E. H. Land, No. 2,289,712 and No. 2,270,323 to E. H. Land and C. D. West, and No. 2,494,686 to R. P. Blake. Preferably, linear polarizers are employed.

The operation of the device of Fig. 4 will be well understood by the art. Assuming that polarizers 11 and 12 are linear polarizers, the device acts as a shutter which is opened to permit the transmission of radiation from the source to the receiver 17-upon the application of a potential to the crystal 14 when the polarizers 11 and 12 are crossed with respect to each other. On theother hand, if the polarizing axes of the polarizers 11 and 12 are parallel, the device acts as a shutter to decrease trans mission of radiation from the source 10 to the receiver 17 when a potential is applied to the crystal 14. As will be .well understood, a variation or modulation of the potential may be used to control or modulate the radiation transmission. When a halfwave potential is applied to the crystal 14, the light valve will be fully opened or fully closed, depending on the orientation of the polarizers 11 and 12. In electro-optical devices of this character which act as a shutter, the polarizer axes are always at 45 to one of the axes of the index ellipse as, for example, to

the a or 'y axes in the cases illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2,

or to the w or e axes as in the case illustrated in Fig. 3.

Fig. 5 discloses another embodiment of an electrooptical device wherein there is shown a source of radiatals.

tion 20 and, in alignment therewith, in the order named, a linear or plane polarizer 21, crystals 23, 24 and 25 of the class Ta, such as cuprous halide crystals, a second plane polarizer 22 and a radiation receiver 37. All elements of the device of Fig. 5, so far described, are similar to the elements of the device of Fig. 4. Electrode pairs 33, 34 and 35 are shown as associated respectivelytion to the direction of the light path or, to put it another way, whereby the direction of the light path and the direction of the applied field are at right angles to each other. Consequently, the electrodes 33, 34 and 35 may be opaque as shown. In the arrangement of Fig. 5, an air gap is disclosed between each crystal element 23, 24 and 25 whereby to eliminate possible sparking. Other insulating means may be employed for this purpose. Operation of the device of Fig. 5 is similar to that of the device of Fig. 4 and needs no detailed explanation.

The electro-optical devices of Figs. 4 and 5 are illustrated without the use of collimating means between the source of radiation and the first polarizer of the system. This practice is made possible because of the wide angular aperture possessed by crystals of the class Ta as hereinbefore set forth.

It is particularly pointed out that the use of the special transverse geometry for crystal sections is not limited to a device which employs a plurality of crystal elements, but may be used in a device employing a single crystal element. Also, the invention includes the use of a pin-- rality of crystal sections cut in the preferred longitudinal.

a common conductor between each adjacent pair of crys- It should also be recognized that it is possible to use, in the same electro-optical device, one or more crystal sections having the preferred longitudinal geom etry and one or more crystals having the preferred transverse geometry. Furthermore, it is possible, whenemploying an arrangement which utilizes each of a plurality of crystal elements in an individual circuit, to connect the individual elements to individual sources of potential 7 so that each individual element may have polarity of predetermined direction.

In Fig. 5, an electro-optical device has been shown wherein the crystals thereof are arranged in series so that radiation propagated by the source passes successively through each crystal of the device. It is within the concept of the invention to provide an electro-optical device making use of a plurality of crystals which are I arranged in parallel so that radiation or light from the source passes simultaneously through the individual crystals of the device.

It has beenpointcd out that plane or linear polarizers will, in general, be preferred although for special cases it may be desirable to utilize either circular or elliptical polarizers.

Additionally, the polarizers may be neutral, or they maybe colored. Consequently, the invention also'embraces within its scope the use of Ta crystals to provide a variable polarizing color filter such as that disclosed in Patent No. 2,493,200 to E. H. Land by the use of a plurality of crystals arranged in a pile or in a stack and separated by colored light-polarizing filters.

' In the literature there will be found about fifty crystals which are known to belong or are believed .to belong to the class Ta. While the invention has been specifically illustrated with cuprous halide crystals, which are of the class Ta, it is to be understood that the concepts set forth herein are applicable to all simple crystals and mixed crystals of the symmetry class with which this invention is concerned.

It has been previously mentioned that cuprous halide crystals of thicknesses practical for the devices described transmit radiation of an approximate wavelength range of from 0.40 micron to 15.0 microns. This range extends from the lower limit of the visible spectrum through the infrared region of the spectrum and, as used in the specification and claims herein, the term light" is intended to embrace wavelengths which fall within this range.

Since certain changes may be made in the above product without departing from the scope of the invention herein involved, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying I drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.

What is claimed is:

I 1. A device for controlling the transmission of incident light comprising a first linearly light-polarizing means having a given polarizing direction positioned in the path of said incident light, a crystal section of given thickness cut from a cuprous halide crystal of the Td class so as to have a pair of plane parallel polished surfaces substantially at 90 to a dodecahedral axis of said crystal and a second pair of plane parallel surfaces substantially at 90 to a second dodecahedral axis and extending sub-' stantially at 90 to said first-named plane parallel surfaces, said crystal section being devoid of an optic axis and, accordingly, nonbirefringent, said crystal section being positioned in said device so that said first-named plane parallel surfaces lie in the path of and are substantially normal to the axial ray of said light which is transmitted by said device, a pair of electrically conducting surfaces one of which is superposed on at least a portion of each of said second-named plane parallel crystal section surfaces, means for applying a given electric potential across said electrically conducting surfaces to create an electric field in a given direction within said crystal section, and a second linearly light-polarizing meanshaving a given polarizing direction with respect to that of said first light-polarizing means positioned in the path of polarized light from said crystal section substantially normal to said axial ray, said crystal section being rendered temporarily biaxial when said electric potential is applied, the aforesaid position of said electrically conducting surfaces with respect to said secondnamed surfaces of the crystal section and the aforesaid position of said first-named surfaces with reference to'said axial ray, taken with said out of said surfaces with respect to said dodecahedral reference axis, being such that when said electric potential is applied, both of the biaxial optic axes of said crystal section are substantially at 90 with field while the other of said optic axes is normal to the directionof said electric field, the directions of said axial ray and electric field being substantially at 90 relative to one another.

2. A device for controlling the transmission of incident light comprising a first linearly light-polarizing means having a given polarizing direction positioned in the path of said incident light, a crystal section of given thickness cut from an isometric cuprous halide crystal of the Ta class so as to have a pair of plane parallelpolished surfaces substantially parallel to an octahedral axis of said crystal, anda second pair of plane parallel surfaces extending substantially at 90 with respect to said octahedral axis and said first-named pair of surfaces, said crystal, section being normally devoid of an optic axisand, accordingly, nonbirefringent, said crystal section being positioned in said device so that said firstnamed plane parallel surfaces lie in the path of and are substantially normal to the axial ray of said light which is transmitted by said device, a pair of electrically conelectric potential is applied, the position of said elecrespect to said axial ray and one of said optic axes is parallel with respect to the direction of said electric trically conducting surfaces with respect to said secondnamed surfaces of the crystal section and the position vof said first-named crystal section surfaces with reference to said axial ray, taken with said cut of said surfaces with respect to said octahedral reference axis, being such that when said electric potential is applied, the uniaxial optic axis temporarily provided in said crystal section is disposed substantially at with respect tosaid axial ray and parallel to the direction of said electric field, said axial ray and the direction of said electric field being substantially at a 90 angular relation to. one another.

3; In an optical system for controlling the transmission of incidentlight, positioned between two light-polarizing elements, a section shaped from a single crystal of a cuprous halide of the class Td-432 which is substan tially nonbirefringent in the absence of an applied electric potential and having a first pair of plane parallel polished surfaces cut substantially perpendicular to a lattice direction and a second pair of plane parallel surfaces cut substantially perpendicular to a lattice direction [1T0], said first-named pair of surfaces being positioned in the path of and substantially perpendicular to an axial ray transmitted by said system and said second-named pair of surfaces being positioned substantially parallel with respect to said ray, electrically conducting means superposed on each of said second-named surfaces, means for applying an electric potential across said second-named surfaces, said crystal section being rendered temporarily biaxially birefringent when said electric potential is applied, .said position of said electrically conducting surfaces with respect to said second-named sur-' faces of the crystal section and said position of said first-named surfaces with reference to said axial ray,

taken with said out of said first-named surfaces with respect to said lattice direction [110], being such that when said electric potential is applied, both of the biaxial optic axes of said crystal section are substantially at 90 with respect to said axial ray and to each other and one of said optic axes is parallel with respect to the direction of said electric field while the other of said optic axes is normal to the direction of said electric, field, the directions of said axial ray and electric field being substantially at 90 relative to one another.

4. ,In an optical system for controlling the transmission of incident light, positioned between two light-polarizingelements, a section shaped from a single crystal of a cuprous halide of the class TdZ3 2 which is substantially nonbirefringent in the absence of an applied electric potential and having a first pair of plane parallel polished surfaces cut substantially parallel to a lattice direction [111] and a second pair of plane parallel surfaces cut substantially perpendicular to said direction [111], said first-named pair of surfaces being positioned in the path of and substantially perpendicular to an axial ray transmitted by said system and said second-named surfaces, said crystal section being rendered temporarily uniaxially birefringent when said electric'potential is applied, said position of said electrically conducting surfaces with respect to said second-named surfaces of the crystal section and said position of said first-named surfaces with reference to said axial ray, taken with said cut of said surfaces with respect to said direction [111], being 1 such that when said electric potential is applied, the

uniaxial optic axis temporarily provided in said crystal section is disposed substantially at 90 with respect to said axial ray and parallel to the direction of said electric field, said axial ray and the direction of said electric field I being substantially at a 90 angular relation to one another.

10 I References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS OTHER REFERENCES Electrical Communication, vol. 23, 1946, pages 445- 449.

Proceedings of the IRE, vol. 37, No. 12, December 1949, Standards on Piezoelectric Crystals, pages 1378- 1395. 

